Cultural Imperialism in Ake Essay

In the advancement of European empires, the widespread approach to colonizing foreign lands was through violence. The Europeans would arrive in new territories with their sophisticated weapons and ideals, and would forcibly subjugate the indigenous people. However, in the instance of the English colonization of Nigeria’s town Ake, the English colonists implemented colonization through cultural imperialism. The English began implementing their process of cultural imperialism through converting the people of Ake into their religion, Christianity. The English, like most colonizing countries, understood that influencing the Nigerian people would come much easier once they were under religious control. The English utilized the brilliant ploy of employing Nigerians to spread Christianity to their own people. The Nigerians who compromised and promoted English concepts were rewarded for their deeds. For example Wole Soyinka’s family was rewarded by being given the security of a parsonage. However, this was actually given as a result of Essay’s contribution to the spread of English education, through his position as headmaster of the school. Education, therefore, became another aspect of English culture used to promote cultural imperialism in Ake. The Nigerians were made to assimilate many English ideals through the education process, which commenced at a young age. The English also required the Nigerians to study their language. By teaching the people of Ake English, the English colonists were able to engrave their ideals into them. The education system furthermore was able to be used to keep a watchful eye on the students, and to control the mindsets of the best and brightest of them. This use of cultural imperialism helped prevent Nigerian intellectuals from becoming political opponents. The English accomplished this by having a government school for advanced students. Although the English didn’t openly colonize the Nigerians through violence, there was a subtle form of violence often used to inscribe English beliefs through education and religion. For example Wole Soyinka had Christian beliefs beat into him by the frequent use of â€Å"the rod† at home, and English manners impressed upon him by principal Daodu’s use of â€Å"the rod† at school. Additionally, the English colonists imparted the technological cultural luxuries of electricity and the radio on Wole’s family. This made them even more dependent on English ways. The installation of the radio into the Soyinka household played an important role of cultural imperialism by introducing the English culture directly into their home. The media can have an incredible influence on a society. As mentioned in the The Years of Childhood, Essay and his friends became obsessed with listening to the news on the radio. Thus the English were now capable of distorting daily events by controlling the news. An important incentive for Europeans to colonize in Africa was taxation, so it too was used to implement cultural imperialism. The wealth accumulated through taxation was a main factor in the economic success of European nations. Taxation was particularly harsh on Ake’s women. This was so much so that the Nigerians started an uprising to abolish taxes on women. As the English knew, to keep the men of a country under control, they first had to satisfy the country’s women and ultimately agreed to abolish the taxation on women.

I, Being Born A Woman And Distressed Essay

This sonnet of Edna St. Vincent Millay is a literary piece shows many faces and expresses so many meanings.   But even if it has many meanings, the general message and meaning is about unrequited love.   It expresses overpowering feelings; longing and a desire for a lover.   The interesting factor of â€Å"I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed† is the intriguing features of the sonnet conflicting message and desires expressed. Saying that she is â€Å"born a woman and distressed† signifies that she surrenders to such fate that she is of the female gender with its consequent circumstance surrounding women.   Followed by the sultry acknowledgement of the â€Å"propinquity† (nearness) of a lover, the sonnet defines what pleasure such nearness brings.   The sonnet yearns that the two bodies of the lover be near to each other.   It is because such nearness enables the â€Å"fume to clarify the pulse and cloud the mind†, meaning such nearness allows the savoring of their mutual scents.   Wherein, it is further expressed that such nearness and feeling of â€Å"undone, possessed† brings them to higher levels of joy. However, the sonnet defends that such extreme happiness of being together does not necessarily mean that it deters rightful reason or thinking as â€Å"stout blood† is â€Å"against my staggering brain†.   It is just that such nearness always   invoke joyful sojourn and leaves fond memories.   Furthermore, such nearness reaffirms the commitment and conviction of love shared and cherished.   Nevertheless, amidst all the â€Å"frenzy†, the confusion, the sonnet evoke the inability to truly express in words that could make a reasonable conversation â€Å"when we meet again†. The entire sonnet is a slow mode of rising feelings from the beginning until the conclusion that apparently can leave one expressionless, wordless.  Ã‚   There is a possible paradox wherein the sonnet embody humongous run of feelings and yet could not find the words to say them.  Ã‚   There is also the possible inconsistency that inasmuch as the rise of feelings is joyous, yet, they may not be wanted.   Maybe it is because it is so difficult to contain enormous feelings of love and joy, that it might be better not to have the feelings anymore than not being able to contain them.   It is like as if the sonnet portrays a lover’s dual role of being â€Å"both [a] winner and [a] loser.   It is because there is â€Å"zest†, frenzy†, â€Å"seduction†, â€Å"staggering†.   (Hubbard, 1995) The sonnet somehow refers to such incongruent thoughts and paradox to the fact that the feelings and emotions come from a woman – who is not capable of such enormity of feelings.   This sonnet explains that â€Å"being born a woman† is not the fault of anyone – thus, it is not anyone’s fault that the subsequent experience and nurturing such passion and joy could not be contained. The ultimate interesting part is that despite all the paradox, the sonnet is convinced that there is complete reason and awareness as to what pleasure such passion and joy beings.   The sonnet finally intends to illustrate that even if there is confusion in such situation and such enormity of feelings, it is still right to nurture such feelings.   The sonnet confirms that love and passion is a right and it is logical. Reference: Hubbard, Stacy Carson.   â€Å"On ‘I Being Born a Woman and Distressed†.   1995   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Millay at 100:   A Critical Reappraisal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern American Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/poets/m_r/millay/born.html

ndividual Assignment Ethics Reflection Paper Essay

Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Resources: Ethics Awareness Inventory and Ethical Choices in the Workplace assessments Use the Ethics Awareness Inventory and Ethical Choices in the Workplace assessments to revisityour personal and professional values. Write a paper of no more than 1,050-words in which you do the following: †¢ Explain the role of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan,considering stakeholder needs. †¢ Explain how your ethical perspective has evolved throughout the program. Format your paper according to APA standards. General Questions – General General Questions Take the Ethics Awareness Inventory and Ethical Choices in the Workplace assessments to assess your values. Write a paper between 600 to 700 words in which you do the following: Explain the role of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan, considering stakeholder needs. Explain how your ethical perspective has evolved throughout the program. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. If you can’t settle on a major in your first year, then take a couple core classes for any major you are considering. You’ll learn about each field thoroughly this way. When you are ready to choose, you’ll have the credits you need for that major, plus the minors as well. This file of STR 581 Week 1 Individual Assignment Ethics Reflection Paper comprises: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Resources: Ethics Awareness Inventory and Ethical Choices in the Workplace assessments Use the Ethics Awareness Inventory and Ethical Choices in the Workplace a†¦ Follow the link to get tutorial – https://bitly.com/1wyRSFq If you can’t settle on a major in your first year, then take a couple core classes for any major you are considering. You’ll learn about each field thoroughly this way. When you are ready to choose, you’ll have the credits you need for that major, plus the minors as well. General Questions – General General Questions Take the Ethics Awareness Inventory and Ethical Choices in the Workplace assessments to assess your values. Write a paper between 600 to 700 words in which you do the following: Explain the role of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan, considering stakeholder needs. Explain how your ethical perspective has evolved throughout the program. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Human Sexuality - Essay Example There are numerous dimensions to human sexuality. Some are familiar and have been covered extensively by numerous research, studies and academic literature. However, I believe that there are interesting and new variables that are emerging today in our time. This is the main consideration why I have chosen the items outlined in this portfolio. From this perspective, for instance, Sigmund Freud comes to mind first. His interest in human sexuality has been seen as a challenge to the permeating social norms of the Victorian age. He was an agent of change in the field. I think that the social and cultural landscape of the contemporary world is in a threshold not unlike the transition period marked by the emergence of the Freudian school of thought. Then, the rest of the issues outlined here are, in my opinion, the pivotal forces that would shape human sexuality in the days to come. They share the elements of liberalism, technology and the constant challenge to tradition. In regard to my critical analysis, experience and values played a significant part although this is just up to some extent. I have chosen some traditional concepts in the portfolio such as those pertaining to procreation and love. Then, as part of the Western society, I have no qualms about my cultural bias against those who practice female genital mutilation even though I acknowledge that some serious considerations must be given to other peoples’ cultural and religious sensibilities.

Gun Control in U.S Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gun Control in U.S - Article Example The topic about gun control is facing massive controversy in the United States. However, a solution have to be found since people should not fear going to the public places including schools, malls, movies and the likes. The safety of the nation has to be resurrected. An important reason for the control of the guns is due to the number of healthy lives that are lost due to violence using guns. In the United States, over 8000 murders with guns are recorded every year (Doeden 234). The other survivors of gun violence would then be added into the list of individuals with health problems further adding up on the government’s expenditure in the health sector. In addition, easy access to guns make suicide attempts to be more successful. Suicide is another problem that claims the lives of the healthy generation in the United States and the globe at large. The suicide rate in the US is tragically high at 12 per 100,000 individuals. Firearms are used for half of these suicides. Guns are weapons of war and a whole way of life of an individual is ended abruptly or altered adversely by just squeezing a trigger. Most of the murders that are completed using guns are often crimes of passion. These crimes happen among people who knew each other well enough. When an intense argument arises, the presence of a gun makes murder or maiming far much possible. There are also other numerous cases of kids gaining access to guns. They have no idea that the gins are loaded and they start playing the typical kids shooting game where they pretend to shoot another. However, they end up shooting and killing the other sibling since they did not realize that the gun is loaded. It is also evident that most of the guns that het into the hands of criminals are stolen from homes, or from cars. When burglars break into private homes, the first thing they look for is guns. Thus, it is important for the government to exercise the policy of gun control in

Business Process Management (Course work) Essay

Business Process Management (Course work) - Essay Example Review the recommendations made in the reports toward changes The report for the investigation commission had made numerous recommendations, which would help the NHS trust develop better strategies, which would drive performance management in a positive direction. First, the commission’s board suggested that the trust had the obligation of implementing better strategies that would help oversee quality management standards as well as security in the health care sector. Training for staff also was among the first agendas, bearing in mind that failure in the two hospitals had been attributed to untrained staff working for patients. It did not also forget to address on the issue of staff numbers and the capacity of those that are employed. The trust’s board had to develop criteria for all staff employment (Care quality commission report, 2010). On the other hand, it was deemed crucial that the trust develop appropriate CRM strategies that would provide room for hospitals an d other stakeholders to be keen on complaints by patients. Responsibility for the poor standards of care provided by the hospital The poor performance at the hospital was attributed employment of the untrained employees, inadequate government policies that were blindly followed by employees as well as lack of accountability by employees. I attribute the poor performance to the hospital management majorly, due to poor performance management systems. It is evident that deaths occurred rampantly, complaints were adversely brought by clients, but they could not consider any situation. More over, having realized that the Mid-Staffordshire NHS was not having appropriate operations management, they had a chance to replace it with another, which could provide better services. On the hand, the trust was adversely wrong, in not being considerate about the type of workers they employ within hospitals. How can untrained nurses and junior doctors be left to handle the patients alone? This was a critical condition that needed a quick address (Jeston and Nelis, 2006). Management’s key performance indicators (KPI’s) Performance indicators are said to have been so profound by the CEO, and were displeasing to all patients and the community around. First, presence of untrained staff working for patients in the hospital was quite amazing. Secondly, the situation was marked by unlistened to numerous complaints from the patients who addressed on poor treatment. More over, numerous massive deaths were experienced in the hospital in a day, which are attributed to poor handling of patients. Switching off the heart monitors was a fatal case, since this hindered the emergency patients from receiving the required treatment and ended up dying. The present staffs were also few in numbers, which meant that they were overburdened with work, a factor that exposed them to poor performance. Organisation of performance measurements The management should have effectively organized t heir performance measu

Different Color, Different Treatment (Research Paper) Research Paper

Different Color, Different Treatment ( ) - Research Paper Example Many of these spheres are defined by stereotypes. Those stereotypes determine the nature of the space that is inhabited. How someone reacts to the others around them must be understood through the culturally developed stereotypes that define the potential of the experience that someone has in coming into contact with others on the street. The experience of the American street is a place where visceral prejudices come alive. Where in social gatherings prejudices can be dampened, set aside in order to create relationships that cross boundaries and develop into meaningful interactions, when one encounters an unknown person on a street, the only framework in which to define the potential of that experience is through culturally developed ‘types’. The unfortunate consequence of these types is that the nature of some are automatically considered to have a negative connotation. The concept of the young African American male brings forth a sense of fear, the nature of his repres entation in culture being angry and violent. The media represents the young African American male through concepts that have developed through stereotyping that occurs on television, through music videos, and through past prejudices that created the concept of the militant angry young African American youth. ... This, of course, is not limited to the African American male. There are many stereotypes that become prominent in public spaces when encounters are not framed through introductions. Part of the problem is the high level of population condensed into cities in which most of the people have no interconnections to one another. Because the nature of modern life has created smaller and more intimate conditions of community, there are far more strangers in the world than were once part of American life. In addition, with some of the more prominent crime sprees that have happened, including terrorist acts, more people are now considered ‘enemies’ which creates a type of anxiety that ends in a hyper vigilance that performs as a barrier between people. Being open to interactions with strangers leaves one open and vulnerable to ‘dangers’ that are perceived through the many communications that have framed ‘types’ for their ‘inclinations’ toward s creating chaos. Prejudice In 1954, Gordon Allport wrote a seminal book on the nature of prejudice and how it affects human relationships. He states as he begins to define the concept of prejudice that â€Å"No corner of the world is free from group scorn†, which is an appropriate way in looking at the nature of prejudice. Society groups people into categories in order to impose order upon the integration of multiple cultural backgrounds that ends in differences that can be visually seen in ethnic qualities. The way in which language is used to define groups, by suggesting that someone is African American, Native American, or Asian American, suggests that when someone has ethnic markers, this places them in a different social groups. However, it is important

Propose a Research Method and Design - Propose and Justify Research Paper

Propose a Method and Design - Propose and Justify Method and Design - Research Paper Example More broadly will be based on three key motivations: 1. To study the impacts of high energy costs in the information and technology sector as well as the significance of adopting cloud computing technologies in the management of data centers. 2. To investigate the underlying concept behind cloud computing and the relations between various data virtualization techniques and other emerging technologies. 3. To determine the potential benefits of moving data centers to the cloud both in small and large organizations. The research will also seek to explore the potential use of cloud computing in the reduction of carbon emissions. Lastly, the research will also involve investigate the associated risks of adopting the use of cloud data centers as well as some of the available remedies to such risks. Research questions Generally the three main research questions are designed to bring light on some of the greater issues associated with the adopting of cloud data centers. 1. What are the curre nt implications of high energy costs in the information sector and what is the potential significance of using cloud computing technologies to lower energy consumption? 2. What is the concept behind cloud computing and data virtualization? 3. ... For example, the selection of the respondents will be achieved by mapping out individuals who are either directly or indirectly engaged in the information and communication technology sector. For example, the chosen respondents who will participate in the research will primarily be selected from social groups and individuals who are working or participating in the ICT industry and are therefore well informed of the recent technological developments such as cloud computing. Interviews and questionnaires will then be conducted to determine their individual experiences with both the traditional data centers and the emerging virtual private cloud servers. Before administering interviews or questionnaires for the research, pilot tests will first be carried out, validated and checked to determine the reliability of the research methodology and design (Creswell, 43). Lastly, the questionnaires and interview questions will be developed based on the how the collected data and responses will b e analyzed as well as how they are related to the main research questions. Interviews A purposeful sampling strategy will be used to select 20 respondents are required to participate in the research. Some of the potential individuals that will be selected to participate in the research include computer entrepreneurs, business managers and members of private data centers as well as their friends and families. The selected participants will then be divided into four groups of five respondents each. This will make it easier to compare the experiences of various respondents in relation to the topic of study. To minimize potential research biasness, both structured and semi structured interviews will

Literature Review and Critique of the Experiential Learning Model Research Paper

Literature Review and Critique of the Experiential Learning Model - Research Paper Example 127) while also providing an opportunity for the participants to practice and refine their learning. According to Kolb (1984), learning is the â€Å"transformation of experience into knowledge† (p. 38). According to Kolb’s experiential learning model, learners grasp information via concrete experiences (CE) and abstract concepts (AC) and then transform this information using reflective observation (RO) and active experimentation (AE). This paper will review available literature to find out the effectiveness of experiential learning model when applied in a learning situation. Literature Review Definitions of Experiential Learning Experiential learning occurs when learners interact with other people, information and/or experience. It includes the process of practice, interaction and reflection that follow one another with an emphasis on feedback. According to Fenwick (2001) the "basic conceptualization of experiential learning is an independent learner, cognitively reflec ting on concrete experience to construct new understandings, perhaps with the assistance of-an educator, toward some social goal of progress or improvement. (p. 7) Kolb's Experiential Learning Model Kolb developed his experiential learning model in 1974. In his model, Kolb emphasized the role that experience plays in the learning process. He believed that learning occurs in a four stage repetitive cycle. Although learning can start occurring at any of these stages, the concrete experience stage is considered to be the first step in the learning process. During this stage, an individual is performing a task or experiencing a certain situation. Reflection consists of reviewing what has been done or experienced. Conceptualization involves the interpretation of the events that have been noticed and understanding the relationships among them. Finally, experimentation enables a learner to actually apply what has been learnt in new life situations. "Immediate, concrete experience is the ba sis for observation and reflection. These observations are assimilated into "theory" from which new implications for action can be deduced. These implications or hypotheses then serve as guides in acting to create new experiences" (Kolb, 1974, p. 28). Ricci (2000) completed a phenomenological study of the experience of learning in adult higher education. The study was conducted with twelve undergraduate college students, ages 20-50. The study revealed the essential nature of the complex interaction of several components (themes) in adult learning, while also highlighting the unique expression of learning structure by each individual. The study supported the perceiving and processing dimensions of Kolb's model; however, it also revealed more factors, such as learner's self-motivation, the learning situation itself, and other environmental factors that facilitate successful learning (Ricci, 2000). Similarly to Ricci's study, Decker's (1996) study examined whether the Interpersonal and Intercultural Adjustment curriculum moved the student through the four stages ofthe experiential learning cycle proposed and described by Kolb. Decker also sought to identify the essential curricular and pedagogical components of the curriculum that contributed to the effectiveness of the course. A qualitative research methodology consisting of participant observation, narrative analysis, and ethnographic interviewing provided strong support to the hypothesis that students did show evidence of movement though Kolb's four stages of learning. The

Customer Service Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Customer Service Plan - Essay Example Internal Customers: Owner/CEO: He wants the event to be a success from all aspects and also wants maximum sponsorship deals. Employee Teams (Internal): Sponsorship team: They want to sign maximum fruitful sponsorship deals. Operations team: They want proper coordination between the designers, models, technical staff, auditorium authority, etc. Hospitality team: There motto is to take care of designers, models, guests, sponsors and to look after them in an coordinated manner along with the other two teams. Temporary staff: They might be present if need be, to help in any activity, the teams tell them to perform. External Customers: Designer: They want their designs to be showcased in the best possible manner; they would demand the best infrastructural support for the show. Sponsors: They would want high return from the sponsorship amount they have spent and would demand the broadest mileage for their Brand. Guests: Would want to be taken care of with respect and proper concern. Current innovations: Customer service can play a key role in any industry in today's day and age, especially when differentiation in product offering has almost become commoditised. It is only out of the box 'customer service' that can add value to your business. In the context of event management customer service garners an extra connotation of importance, as event management deals with people and their expectations of a superior event experience from the company. Innovative customer service starts from proper planning about all the resources and also predicting the moot points along with possible areas of failure and taking care of them beforehand along with having contingency supporting...The event will take place on 5th June 2009, at TAFE Sydney Institute, Ultimo. The night would commence with a cocktail party and live entertainment. More than 150 guests will be invited, amongst those will be guests connected with the fashion industry. The event is a unique opportunity for the young designers as well as for the sponsors to connect with the fashion industry and its insiders. Customer service can play a key role in any industry in today's day and age, especially when differentiation in product offering has almost become commoditised. It is only out of the box 'customer service' that can add value to your business. In the context of event management customer service garners an extra connotation of importance, as event management deals with people and their expectations of a superior event experience from the company. Innovative customer service starts from proper planning about all the resources and also predicting the moot points along with possible areas of failure and taking care of them beforehand along with having contingency supporting plans with adequate resources. Communication with the customer and logical assumption of the key necessities in terms of resources are key to its success. When all these come together in perfect synchronization, customers are satisfied and there are possibilities of retaining them or gaining more business opportunities arise.

Race and Minorities in the Jury Box Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race and Minorities in the Jury Box - Assignment Example The selection is most difficult when it is a high-profile case and everyone has heard of the defendant. Introduction In 2006, it was estimated through the United States Bureau of Justice statistics, that over 1.1 million adults were convicted of felonies and, of this amount, 38% were Black. Most of these cases were handled in state courts and, those who had been arrested and remained in jail, had their cases handled more quickly than others did. Mainly this was due to the fact that most could not hire a lawyer or post bail (Gabbidon & Greene, 2013). There are several processes in how cases move forward to a trial, but once it does, and the case requires a jury, then there will be a session where members of the public are requested to appear for potential selection to act as a juror in the case. This paper concerns the process of jury selection and how it can be biased by race and minority composition, or lack of it (Gabbidon & Greene, 2013). When it comes to jury selection, there has been considerable discourse about the makeup of jurors and whether jurors should be the same race as the defendant, or not the same race as the defendant, or a mixture (AP, 2008). 1.When determining suitable jurors for a trial, it is never made publicly clear why lawyers might choose one juror over another. However, some policymakers and legal scholars have now proposed reforms to ensure that there is sufficient variety of racial minorities on any given jury. While the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was created to eliminate racial discrimination in jury selection, yet it still does exist, and it happens more often in Southern states (EJI, 2010). Some counties have excluded almost 80% of qualified Blacks in selecting juries in counties that have a majority population of Blacks, citing obscure reasons such as being single, married, too old, too young, for having attended black colleges, or not having attended college, having an out-of-wedlock child, and even for how they walk (EJI, 2010). It can also be a case of religious views or tendencies to not want to send someone to jail (AP, 2008). How this detailed information was obtained is unclear unless it was through interviews or surveys with lawyers. In justifying reforms for the composition of a jury, the primary factor that should hold sway is that any prospective juror must demonstrate an understanding of the legal process, and a willingness to not be biased. 2. The jury composition should be made of all races, not just all White or all Black, or all Hispanic (EJI, 2010). Lawyers should make a reasonable attempt at including all races and minorities, when possible.

An Unfortunate Influence and Its Tragic Outcome Essay Example for Free

An Unfortunate Influence and Its Tragic Outcome Essay In every person’s life there are many factors that occur throughout, both negative and positive influences that alter the path one chooses. In the world renowned play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the tragic outcome is brought about by the lovers’ trusted friend, Friar Lawrence. To begin with, Friar Lawrence is to blame for setting the events into motion by marrying Romeo and Juliet. Then, Friar Lawrence is responsible for Juliet receiving the potion that causes everyone to believe that she is truly dead. Finally, Friar Lawrence could have prevented the two deaths by simply making sure that Romeo gets the message as he assured Juliet he would. So ultimately, Friar Lawrence is responsible for the star crossed lovers’ demise, because they wrongly trust the Friar and his influence causes Romeo and Juliet to make all the wrong decisions thus bringing about their downfall. Before any tragic incidents actually occur in the play, Friar Lawrence sets the entire series of unfortunate events into motion by secretly marrying Romeo and Juliet. When Romeo first arrives at the Friar’s cell to declare the love he now feels for Juliet, Friar Lawrence immediately notes how foolish Romeo is being, for just the day before he had been so in love with Rosaline and devastated that she did not return that love. Friar Lawrence says, â€Å"Is Rosaline, that thou didst love so dear, / So soon forsaken? And art thou chang’d? Pronounce this sentence then: / Women may fall, when there’s no strength in men† (2.3.66-80). Friar Lawrence right away states that it is ridiculous that Rosaline, with whom Romeo was borderline obsessed, has already been replaced with a girl in a matter of days. However, Friar Lawrence then blatantly turns around and contradicts what he says about Romeo behaving foolishly, by agreeing to marry Romeo and Juliet. Friar Lawren ce agrees saying, â€Å"In one respect I’ll thy assistant be. / For this alliance may so happy prove, / To turn your households’ rancour to pure love† (2.3.90-92). Friar Lawrence agrees to secretly wed Romeo and Juliet despite what he says earlier about the proposal. Friar Lawrence could have easily prevented the tragedy if he had just gone with his first instincts. However, he sees the opportunity to stop the feuding between the Capulets and Montagues and jumps at it to become the big hero, therefore making him selfish and irresponsible as well as a bad influence. Friar Lawrence sets Romeo and Juliet’s deaths into motion the second he agrees to Romeo’s plan, and in doing so Friar Lawrence is to blame for the untimely deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Not only does Friar Lawrence trigger Romeo and Juliet’s demise, he also continues the chain of tragic decisions by giving Juliet the sleeping potion that leads Romeo to kill himself. When Juliet runs to Friar Lawrence’s cell in utter desperation, he should have taken the time to advise her against such drastic measures and help her make the responsible choice where Romeo is concerned. Instead, Friar Lawrence hands her a sleeping potion that will create the illusion of death for the drinker: Take thou this vial, being then in bed, And this distilling liquor drink thou off, Now when the bridegroom in the morning comes To rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead (4.1.93-108). Friar Lawrence assures Juliet that everything will be okay and the potion will work in tricking her parents and Paris into believing she is truly dead. He places the vial in her hand and does not do anything to prevent Juliet from making this fatal decision. Friar Lawrence just continues to reassure Juliet by saying, â€Å"And hither shall he come, and he and I /Will watch thy waking, and that very night / Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua† (4.1.115-117). Friar Lawrence promises Juliet that word of their plans will reach Romeo and when she wakes from her sleep-like trance, Romeo will be there to run away with her to Mantua. Friar Lawrence just keeps on telling Juliet that it will all work out fine, without pausing to think about all the possible dangers and side effects that may come from drinking the vial. Again, Friar Lawrence is being irresponsible and rash, holding two teen’s lives in his hands. Friar Lawrence gets carried away and swept up in Romeo and Julietâ €™s twisted fantasy and helps Juliet make a foolish decision that helps bring about the lover’s demise. Therefore, Friar Lawrence is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Even after all the irresponsible choices Friar Lawrence makes throughout the play, he still could prevent the tragic outcome by simply making sure that Romeo receives news of the Friar’s and Juliet’s plan. But alas, Friar Lawrence does not follow through and assure that the messenger arrives soundly in Mantua. One of the main reasons Juliet is able to take the potion without many concerns or worries is because she thinks that when she wakes in the monument, Romeo will be there to whisk her away with him. When Juliet is confused and in a highly vulnerable state, Friar Lawrence hands her the vial saying, â€Å"In the mean time, against thou shalt awake, / Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift† (4.1.113-114). Friar Lawrence tells Juliet that while they wait for her to awake, Romeo will receive a letter informing him of their plans. However, the messenger Friar Lawrence sends, Friar John, never makes it to Romeo and by the time Friar Lawrence actually finds out, h e knows that a great mistake has taken place and danger is going to ensue: Unhappy fortune! By my brotherhood, The letter was not nice but full of charge, Of dear import, and the neglecting it May do much danger (5.3.17-20). Friar Lawrence finally realizes the danger that Romeo and Juliet face. He understands that something terrible may happen because the information never reaches Romeo. However, it is too late by the time he arrives at the monument and Romeo, who received false information from Balthasar, is already lying dead beside his stirring wife. When Juliet does officially wake, she is devastated to see her loving Romeo dead, and desperate to be with him again. Instead of calming Juliet down and bringing her to safety, Friar Lawrence selfishly runs away when he hears the Watch coming. He leaves a desperate teenage girl there to stab herself and be with her Romeo for eternity. The incident with the letter leads Romeo to commit suicide and subsequently have Juliet kill herself to be with Romeo. The Friar does not make sure that the letter reaches Romeo and two premature deaths occur instead, conclusively leaving Friar Lawrence to blame. Friar Lawrence is a trusted friend and confident of Romeo and Juliet, yet he negatively influences the two lovers and guides them down a wrong path ending with a double suicide. Friar Lawrence triggers the start of the downfall by irrationally agreeing to wed Romeo and Juliet. Friar Lawrence then gives Juliet bad counsel and advises her to make a catastrophic decision the second he places the vial of sleeping potion into her palm. Friar Lawrence still could evade the entire tragedy, but inadvertently breaks his promise to Juliet and never assures that the letter makes it to Romeo in Mantua. The star crossed lovers’ downfall is caused by the irresponsible and selfish Friar Lawrence because if Romeo and Juliet had not gone to Friar Lawrence for counsel and advice, they would not have been encouraged to follow through with their foolish fantasy and lived. The love between Romeo and Juliet was genuine, and the pain they felt when they heard of the other’s death was real. Kn owing that one person, especially someone as close to them as Friar Lawrence, is to blame for the tragic ending is horrible and tragic in itself, because if Friar Lawrence had just thought through his actions Romeo and Juliet might have lived a long and happy life together.

Impact of Culture on Identity

Impact of Culture on Identity How does the culture we are born into effect the kind of person we become? Culture plays an integral part in an individual’s life. Various aspects of life are governed and influenced by the culture including the social behavior, norms, and the influence over the judgment and decisions. I particularly believe that culture is a prominent aspect of life and subsequently has to do with the kind of person we become in our life. The testimonies to the influence of culture in one’s life is apparent by some aspects as follow, the culture to which a person belongs has a strong influence over his thoughts and ideologies, the culture manifests his ability and potential of the work he does, the culture reflects his social behavior and the way he responds to various predicaments. On the surface, it shapes our life and our vision for how we look at the world. Culture is dynamic it keeps changing, its surface appearance is deceptive, what you see on the surface isn’t necessarily what is under it. Therefore to determine the effect of culture on an indi vidual is often complicated and there are some implications which are to be accepted without questioning, that is to say the effect of culture on people vary and affects us vividly. However, I am going to fret that it affects us in a positive manner. The culture has a strong influence over our thinking, ideologies and understanding. As thinking is one of those aspects that keeps vacillating and growing with in us, shaping our life every time we learn something new. And the culture is one of those attribute which helps in augmentation of our cogitation. Some of the culture which observe open-mindedness are often more likely to grow and develop faster than the others who observe conservativeness. This model of thinking will ultimately affect the development of an individual, hence the one with open-mindedness will grow faster, and this is apparent by taking the example of USA’s and Vietnamese culture. The one who belongs to an open-minded culture will always be ready to take risks and accept the opportunities he is provided with, because such aspects are deeply etched in their culture and resultantly would be exhibited in the individual [1]. So by taking example of two contrasting nations like Vietnam and USA one can witness the force and potent of culture, that how it shapes the lives of the living entities residing within it. In the novel â€Å"Fallen Angels† the protagonist-Perry makes a statement that, â€Å"We were supposed to smile a lot and treat the people with dignity. They were supposed to think we were the good guys. That bothered me a little. I didn’t like having to convince anybody that I was the good guy. . . . We, the Americans, were the good guys.† (Page 112 Fallen angels, Walter Dean Myers)[2].This statement shows the thinking of Perry which has been influenced by his culture, making him think that they were the good guys, just because they were helping others for their own independence. But they failed to see the other side of it and the repercussions it would bring. That is to say â€Å"we only see and understand what our culture teaches us†. Educational phase is an important stage of life, and sometimes it can be linked with some aspects of culture. Some cultures are often considered to be more superlative when it comes to intelligence and understanding of its students. Some of which are indeed in reality, while some aren’t, but relying on such generalized and over-simplistic ideas is dangerous. But if viewed from my point of view, the effects are positive. That is to say, if a person represents a culture where intelligence and understanding are the aspects embedded in them, in a culture where education is considered to be an important aspect and is meant to be achieved, then the student would be of greater knowledge and understanding in the end, which would eventually help him in becoming a better person in life. This aspect of intelligence is either governed by the genetic inheritance or the surrounding environment prevailing the society, an alluding outcome of the culture. Furthermore, sometimes when others don’t meet the boundaries of expectations and anticipations set by us, developed through the thinking we gaine d by our cultural understanding, we often consider that as cue that either we are different or they. As we can see from the above mentioned examples how the thinking is influenced by the culture surrounding us and resultantly and ultimately affects the kind of person we become in future. Secondly, the cultural values manifests how we deal or respond to the conflict or harmony that is omnipresent around us and also how it shapes our understanding about them. In the novel â€Å"Fallen Angels† Perry had to go through many phases of exasperation and intimidation, but every time he seemed to be responding each situation differently. When he was in hamlet on pacification, he encountered a Vietcong who was trying to shoot him but he couldn’t because his rifle wasn’t working, Perry stood petrified wondering what to do, but finally it dawned upon him that in order to save himself he had to shoot him. At first he wasn’t ready to shoot the Vietcong because he viewed war as â€Å"immoral and senseless killing of people†. But he responded according to the requirement of the predicament that is he finally killed the Vietcong. I surmise that, indirectly his response towards Vietcong was influenced by his cultural values. Explicitly stating, the cu lture had taught him how to respond to each situation, that â€Å"it’s not always about responding in a perfect way, but rather responding in a manner the predicament requires and deserves†. In addition, after doing the research on culture of other country (Vietnam) and understanding them through a different perspective, I have also developed a sense of understanding and a respect for their cultural values and how it has transformed them in spite of their ignorance toward knowledge. Considering my response towards their culture as an example in itself, it can be made apparent that my response isn’t an instinctive one but rather an acquired one, because â€Å"that’s the way I was brought up, to see the goodness in others neglecting the indecency that occurs in it simultaneously†. The origin of the response can be deeply rooted in my culture itself as it has nothing to do regarding my knowledge itself. Furthermore, in â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare, Hamlet is confronted by the ghost of his father, asking him to avenge his death. The audience of that time had accepted the event unquestioningly, the question was not whether the ghost really existed or not, but perhaps was it actually the king or a wicked soul masqueraded. But if a similar scene were to be placed in front of the audience of present time they would be reluctant to accept the ideas regarding the ghost, on the contrary they would disregard the originality and seriousness of work. This won’t be considered as an outcome of evolution in the human minds, but perhaps a development in the cultural teachings and understandings, for how we have been brought up to respond to or view such events. So this were the some form of the illustrations, for how cultures trains our reaction to respond to a conflict, not necessarily conflict but rather our response towards the happenings in our surrounding . And lastly, culture is also an important body controlling the manifestation of our social behavior, etiquettes, attitude and the potential of an individual to strive or work for something. Learned behavior is the foundation of human cultures and the transmission of this behavior ultimately powers the wheel of development of human culture. Human behavior produces cumulative changes in the society, and the constantly changing society requires constant behavior adjustments. Simply stating our demeanor and attitude are neither static or nor deterministic, it chiefly depends on the changes in the culture. In an interview conducted in Canada, a Chinese elder man pointed out that he hasn’t experienced any conflict since the last 40 years of his life [*]. Among one of the possible reason for his denial, one would be seeing the cultural preferences and differences in society through lens of harmony and mutual respects for others, which is the result of his Confucian upbringing. This at titude and perception of the Chinese was eventually a result of his cultural values, which helped him in becoming a wise and knowledgeable person in his life. His culture had taught him about the attitude he should have towards his own culture as well as for the other cultures. Now to demonstrate the influence of surrounding culture on our disposition, let’s take an instance of culture of Vietnam and India, if a boy was born in a Vietnamese family but his upbringing allegedly happened to be in Indian family, than the boy rather than getting accustomed to social behavior and etiquettes of Vietnam would tend to get accustomed to that of Indians. And fundamentally would demonstrate the attitude and disposition of a typical Indian. So the point of my insistence is that our surrounding culture demonstrates the way we would behave and how our attitude would tend to be. Now rather than using chop-sticks while eating, he would insist upon using his hands to do the same activity. And while greeting people instead of bowing and handshaking he would do Namaste (a gesture formed by joining two hands and bringing them down to chest). Now, an illustration of influence over our potential or our ability to strive for something. In Indian culture, the â€Å"sants† [3] (a person who attains the highest state of enlightenment by meditation and worshipping god) are considered to be an exponent of the Indian cultural values. They only strive for achieving salvation in their life, regardless of how tempting objects you place in front of them, they don’t develop desire for them. Consequently if there is no desire in the mind, they won’t be worried about it and also if any desire arises they won’t feel ease without shunning it. My point of emphasizing the idea is that that their commitment towards their works is so determined that they would never deviate from their path. The aspects of their potential and that of their outstriven ability are an exa mple in itself, if viewed from my point of view. In no other culture in world, would you find such adamant people. Their deterministic demeanor is a result of the cultural values. Again taking the culture of Vietnam and USA as a point of justification, in Vietnam children are encouraged to solve math problems mentally rather than using the calculators, but they do not consider this as a sacrifice and also their education system emphasizes more on morality rather than independent thinking. On the contrary, the Americans try to make their life as easy as possible by using technology. Also their education system emphasizes more on independent thinking rather than morality. So the inference which could be drawn from this happening is that both the culture are approaching the same work, but they have two distinct ways to achieve and strive for it. In conclusion, it is obvious by now that the way of life a person would live in future is derived chiefly from the cultural values and aspects of the specific group he belongs to. The three specific reasons I used for justification of my thesis are as follow, firstly the culture has strong influence on our ideologies and thinking, in a broader sense we as a person are an outcome of our thinking and ideologies. Secondly, culture demonstrates our way of responding to various conflicts and harmony prevailing in the society, dealing with conflicts is an important dimension of life and eventually and indirectly our response generated towards it is determined by the culture we are influenced by or born into. And lastly culture is the primarily body, that demonstrates our disposition, attitude and the potential and ability to strive or work for something. Just like economy and country, culture is also one of the most important dimension of our life. Cultures are not just about traditions, f ood customs, languages, dress etc. but perhaps, it has a broader horizon than the literary context, which requires a great deal of understanding and contemplation as a whole. Cultures are like underground rivers flowing within our lives, which gives us messages and teachings, shaping our perception, judgments, attribution and ideas for self as well as others. â€Å"We as a whole are inseparable from culture†. Work cited: *Lebaron: Mediation and Multicultural Reality.Lebaron: Mediation and Multicultural Reality. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 201 LeBaron, Michelle. Culture and Conflict.Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: July 2003 . Cultural Influences and Education.Cultural Influences and Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. How Cultural Differences May Affect Student Performance.GreatSchools. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2015. Myers, Walter Dean.  Fallen Angels. New York: Scholastic, 1988. Print Shakespeare, William, and David M. Bevington.Hamlet. Toronto: Bantam, 1988. Print. From what I have experienced and understood in my life about different culture. The novel I had chosen for my culminating task. The ideas explained in the holy book of Indians â€Å"Vachanamrut† Note: while writing the essay I had to make certain implications, and also I used my experience as point of justification in certain matter.

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Essay -- Julius Ca

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, the story revolves around the various individuals who would vie for control of the Roman Empire. All of these individuals exhibit various attributes, values, and techniques in order to facilitate this goal, from Cassius’ intelligence, Brutus’ charm and honor, to Antony’s gift to drive a crowd. And although all three desire to become the new strongman leader of Rome, it is Antony who succeeds gaining the most control through his own specific talents, most specifically noted at Caesar’s funeral. At the funeral scene, Antony exhibits several qualities beneficial to a Roman leader, such as oratory and appeasement skills. The dialogue depicted in Act III, scene ii provides a valuable and insightful perspective on how these values were desirable for leadership in the late Roman Republic. One of these important virtues necessary for rule is the ability to move a large crowd with impressive orating skills. This ability is seen particularly by Brutus in his first speech, as he manages to move the Roman crowd from fear at the assassination to disdain of the now late Julius Caesar. As Brutus spoke to the masses, he made sure to cleverly weigh his loyalty to Caesar to his loyalty to Rome, as he claims, â€Å"not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more† (III, ii, 23-24). He even more cleverly sets the crowd with himself and against Caesar as he dares those loyal to Rome to challenge his judgement: â€Å"Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak, for him have I offended. I pause for a reply† (III, ii, 33-36). Thus, while playing on the crowd’s loyalties and using his love for Rome and... ...and whipping them into a fury. This ability to appease, employed by Octavius later in history to much success, also characterizes the typical Roman strongman as the primary example of an exceptional leader. The capability of moving the public with strong words and to gratify their desires are indeed qualities advantageous to being a leader in ancient Rome. As Antony displays, these abilities can set an individual apart from his counterparts and place the upper hand in favor of the person with most control of the general public. Thus, his control of the crowds lends him the power he needs to turn the tables against Brutus and the conspirators, and he succeeds in gaining control of Roman leadership with his beneficial set of talents, abilities, and virtues. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1992

Geothermal Energy: The Alternative of the Future Essay -- Economy Tech

Geothermal Energy: The Alternative of the Future When the energy crisis hit Americans in the 1970's, people were scrambling to find ways to conserve energy. The crisis brought to attention the very real shortage of fossil fuels. Gas and oil prices skyrocketed, and Americans looked for ways to save energy. They started producing smaller cars, driving less, and turning down their thermostats. Also, they started to examine alternate energy sources, such as solar, geothermal, and biomass. For a while, Americans were making a conscious effort to cut back on the use of fossil fuels. However, when gas and oil prices started to go back down in the early eighties, many of the conservation ideas were forgotten. In the minds of most Americans, the energy crisis had been solved because they could now afford to use fossil fuels again. Looking into the next century, we can see energy shortage problems starting to resurface. The possibility of another energy crisis is very real; however, this one will be different. It will not be a matter of fossil fuels being too expensive, it will be a matter of fossil fuels no longer being a resource. Our gas-powered cars, factories, and heating systems are using fossil fuels much faster than the dinosaurs are turning to coal. The way things are going now, we won't make it through the next century before running out of our fossil fuels. The problems with fossil fuels go beyond their rapid depletion. The pollution from burning fossil fuels is really taking a toll on the environmentand the atmosphere. Factories in the United States spend millions of dollars on filtration systems to try and cut down on the amount of harmful emissions, yet the environment just isn't getting better. Converting fossil f... ...[WWW]. Available: http://eren.doe.gov/geothermal/gep.htm. Geothermal energy will fill energy gap. (1998, October 6). First Search. Online. Fast DOC Geothermal Energy Technical Site. (1998, November 12). [WWW]. Available: http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/goethermal/faq/q01.html Geothermal heat increases our energy supply. (1998, October 27). [WWW]. Available: http://www.crest.org/renewables/geothermal/grc/supply.html Geothermal technologies. (1998, October 13). US Department of Energy, 1-6. Available: http://www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/history.html Graham-Rowe, Duncan. (1998, October 6). Resources: Energy: Deep down at the earth's core. Academic Universe. Online. Mclarty, L., & Reed, M.J., (November 15 1998). The U.S. geothermal industry: Three decades of growth. [WWW]. Available: http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/geothermal/articles/mclarty/index.html

Designing A Degree Essays -- Higher Education

A college major is one of the most crucial and influential decisions a person will make in his or her lifetime. This important choice has the power to determine what a person will do for the rest of their life. Students across the country are challenged by this task each and every year because they are not able to find a path of study that is compatible with their ideal career and favorable interests. Traditional majors are known for providing broad educations and producing well-rounded students that are ready and able to work in various jobs. However, today it is challenging to break into the work force. Students with more specific studies are finding greater success in their job search after college. For this reason, individualized studies programs have exploded across the country. Individualized studies are a create-your-own-major approach to education. These programs allow students to design and personalize their college education by combining courses from various areas of study. Individualized-studies students leave college with a unique major printed on their diploma. With the opportunity to create their own majors in college, students in individualized studies are receiving personalized educations and realizing their ideal jobs. Students base their college major choices on their interests. A study published in the College Student Journal, conducted to reveal information about students who are entering college, utilizes extensive research to identify the factors that influence students’ college major decisions. It is based upon the assumption that making â€Å"good† major choices is beneficial to the students. A â€Å"good† major is defined as one that helps students reach their post-education goals, as well as one that is compatibl... ... White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub., 2010. 108-128. Print. Larson, Simone. "Is creating your own major the best way to secure a job? ." COLLEGE. USA Today, 21 Apr. 2012. Web. 8 May 2012. . Samuels, Dorry. "New York UNIVERSITY." Teen Ink Nov. 2004: 38. www.teenink.com. Web. 8 May 2012. SHELLENBARGER, SUE. "Can't Pick a College Major? Create One - WSJ.com." Business News & Financial News . The Wall Street Journal, 17 Nov. 2010. Web. 8 May 2012. Singletary, Michelle. "Not all college majors are created equal." Business. The Washington Post, 14 Jan. 2012. Web. 8 May 2012..

Gesture Bullying Contains

BULLYING BOSSES 1. How does workplace bullying violate the rules of organizational justice? Bullying is inappropriate occurrence that affects one or more persons against another or others, at the workplace and consequences could be mental and physical. All employees including supervisors and upper management might be involved in bullying behavior either intentional or unintentional. Workplace bullying can violate the company rules through verbal bullying, gesture bullying, physical bullying, exclusion etc. (Harassment: Workplace Bullying Policy, n. ) Verbal bullying is situation where one or more persons use verbal techniques to dominate others saying hurtful words that will humiliate and abuse an individual or group. Verbal bullying can affect someone’s psychological and emotional life and cause depression, low self-esteem etc. Gesture bullying contains treating messages through non-verbal frightening gestures which can result with anger, powerless and exhaust. Physical bully ing affects victim and the bully as well. It is presented by hitting, pushing, slapping, tripping etc.The exclusion is isolating the person in work activities either sociable or physically. 2. What aspects of motivation might workplace bullying reduce? For example, are they likely to be effects on an employee’s self-efficiency? If so, what might those effects be? Do you think bullying would motivate you to retaliate? Workplace bullying absolutely would reduce the motivation to work as a team or individually. More often people with bully behavior use their popularity to target those with weaker self-defending skills.Simple, bullied victims would lower the quality and quantity of work, downsize the self-motivation and feel miserable even in their personal life. Bullying can result with emotionally and physical pain, lot of confusion, and least with suicide. The employee has to report any type of discrimination without any fear of retaliation. Although, when an employee decides to retaliate, that must be without threating, fighting or any type of abusing because that will be used against him. 3. If you were a victim of workplace bullying, what steps would you take to try to reduce its occurrence?Least effective? What will you do if one of your colleagues were a victim? If I was a victim of workplace bullying the first step that I will take is stay calm and confident in my self trying to prove that their rumors cannot hurt me. At the beginning the best way to have peace of mind is to avoid the bullies and try to go on spots where they are not going. The least effective step to stay away of the bully issue is to handle this situation on my own without emotions, crying and suffering. With a coolly and calm outlook I will confuse them, make to file horrible about them self.Once I was in situation where my colleague vas a victim of bullying. He was so desperate and lost that obviously was affecting his emotional life too. My best advice to him was to response w ith kindness smiling and not to go alone anywhere at the company so they will make fewer comments. When the victim is in a group, the group could help him to control the temper better, and control any unwanted action 4. What factors do you believe contribute to workplace bullying? Are bullies a product of the situation or do they have flawed personalities?What situation and what personality factors might contribute to the presence of bullies? Bullying at the workplace is serious issue that causes unwanted effects. There is a variety of factors why bullying is existing in organizations. I think that major reason for bullying is the organizational culture. People with different values beliefs and behavior could work at the same place and bullying seems normal occurrence where majority of employees with similar behavior will target minor employees. Another factor that causes bullying is the usage of the employee’s power over those who are weaker and vulnerable.The bullies are se lf-focused narcissistic individuals without cooperation toward other coworkers. They are product of the situation and flawed personality as well. No matter what, they can steer to high point, and will step over anyone to achieve their goal. People become bullies because they want to feel self-worthy. Most often people desperately need attention. In order to hide their physiological unbalance they are looking for weak victims to control them and protect their ego. References: Workplace Bullying Policy. Retrieved from: http://www. shrm. org/TemplatesTools/Samples/Policies/Pages/CMS_018350. aspx

Evaluation of Maintenance Culture of Christian Cathedral Church Buildings

EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE last OF CHRISTIAN CATHEDRAL CHURCH BUILDINGS BY OLAYINKA JOHN AJAYI NOVEMBER, 2012 ABSTRACT The cogitation focussed on up support horti nuance of cathedral perform service mental synthesis construct expression constructs in Lagos Mainland argona of Lagos pronounce Nigeria. It likewise assessed the operational submit of these church service service structures within the guide argona. In achieving these objectives, opinions of bread and aloneter officers and commitrs of selected cathedral church creates were sampled finished incorporated questionn b bees. The selective information collected were analyse utilise descriptive statistics, upon which 100 respondent were surveyed.The analytic thinking revealed that the operational state of nearly of these church buildings as been number. alimentation officers and users of the buildings twain stratified insufficiency of fund for aid draw by mental act as second most pro entr ap factor among another(prenominal)wise factors prudent for vile livelihood focussing of these church buildings. diametrical factors found to be eminently monumental by the bread and scarceter officers argon court of living by the operatives. The report recommended proactive measures to subvert the occurrence of defects in the buildings elements and operate.The church board of trustee is to grant satisfactory funding for the implementation of their sustentation computer course of instructionme. construct elements should be regularly inspected to underwrite their functionality. CHAPTER matchless 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Background of the instruction Introduction of Christianity in Nigeria metamorphosed by means of different phases since the early missionaries stepped feet on the Nigerian soil in the 16th ampere-second (Ajayi, 2005), and this has apt(p) rise into Christian spectral institutional buildings as the Christians guide a d salubriousing nursing menage c altogethitherd church as a building to worship.thusly, old sacred institutional buildings ar considered symbolic tot completelyyy and emotionally pregnant by union members (Cohen and Jaeger, 2008 & Vangelova, 2005), and globe perception endows our purlieus with disturbhen look upons and in identification number the perception is dictated by these values. Numerous lookers and critics in architectural theory and historic preservation looked at these overlap values, that humans psychological necessity to deem their memory creates the desire for historic preservation Woodcock (2002).Likewise, the inquiryers argue that the on-going course of history that contains each generations grow should be pre mete fall come ond as the frequent is bear on with the preservation of their memory that has been fashi aced in the relationship with their milieus (Brand, 2005 and Downing, 2000). Geva (2002) demonstrates that miscellaneous building causas unearthly, r epublical, residential be a function of the fundamental fundamental interaction of cultural, regional climate assures and architectural forms. Geva analyzed the leg of architectural modifications of single family houses and residential district churches.From interrogation carried start by Geva (2002), community fagged much money in maintaining their in-person residential building than apparitional institutional buildings (church). Thus, churches as a building type be signifi mountaint to the public as they parcel asunder primarily as cultural symbols (Cantacuzino, 2009 & Jaeger, 2005). Church buildings take to the woodwind doers an grand role in the city by providing venues for a range of activities and rights aimed at encouraging community interaction and participation.Church Buildings ar outstanding assets which loan to the physiological, companionable and moral headspringbeing of the community, society at large and the subsequent development of yarn-dyeionate capital and community strength Robert (2001). The prep of church buildings promote a maven of community identity and sense of dictate. At the same conviction, at that place atomic number 18 pregnant cost factors associated with the upkeep (maintaining) and received nutrition of these building assets. forethought take ups resort some(prenominal) sort of mechanical, plumbery or electrical device etc should it pose appear of prep atomic number 18 or broken ( enjoyn as push, un plan or casualty keep).It besides take ons manageing r emergeine actions which keep the building in a bailiwicking order (known as scheduled sustainment) or saves pain in the ass from arising ( hang-up nutriment). maintenance whitethorn be define as, tout ensemble actions which lead the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it stub perform its enquired function. The actions allow the combination of all technical and jibe admini strative, managerial, and supervision actions. The feature of these represents a shut loop go forth chain and ordinarily has the scope of living, heal or overhaul of the building.The latter of the categorizations is an unclouded loop supply chain and is typified by refurbishment and remanufacture. The main characteristic of the tightly fittingd loop constitution is that the demand for a product is matched with the supply of a apply product. Neglecting asset write-offs and exceptional activities the replete(p) universe of the product between the customer and the service provider remains constant. Generally speaking, on that point ar third types of sustentation in use rubber concern, where equipment is retained forwards break down occurs.This type of cargon has many different variations and is subject of various researches to determine best and most cost- exitive way to maintain equipment buildings inclusive. Recent studies have shown that Preventive care is effe ctive in preventing age related visitations of the equipment. For random mischance patterns which amount to 80% of the failure patterns, nail down monitoring proves to be effective. Corrective support, where equipment is maintained after break down.This living is a sincere deal most dearly-won be sheath worn equipment can damage other move and cause multiple damage. Reliability centered alimony, practically known as RCM, is a do work to master that assets continue to do what their users use up in their present run context. only these shall be looked into in detailed the writings review In addition, the steering and community at large has a significant duty of care to ensure that these buildings are kept and maintained appropriately to ensure the safety of all users and compliance with all legislative requirements and ideals.While the requirements for severe example in nourishment management of buildings have been ca-ca over a considerable period, the makem ent of unafraid answer is by no means universal (Turrell, 2007). Furthermore, the sustenance of these ghostlike institutional buildings has a significant impact on the environment and on the satisfying nation at large. Additionally, the conditions of the surroundings in which we live and learn, is a reflection of the nations well being (Lee, 2007). 1. 2 statement of the problemMost alive ghostlike institutional buildings in Lagos State privation equal victuals scotch aidance and as core of this, these buildings are in very execrable and deplorable conditions of morphological and decorative disrepair Ogunlana (1999),. While considerable research have been carried out on factors responsible for the poor tutelage of these spectral institutional buildings in Lagos State but sole(prenominal) scant attention has been given to the mainstay parameters bear upon the implementation of alimony programmes for these apparitional institutional buildings.There is on that po intfore a need to establish and evaluate the factor affecting victuals of these spectral institutional buildings. 1. 3Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this discipline is to evaluate the living finale of Christian institutional buildings in Lagos State. To achieve this aim, the following(a) objectives are adopted. 1. To rate the concern problem of sacred institutional buildings and provide solutions to the problem. 2. To examine the physical conditions of these unearthly institutional buildings so as to curb the level of their alimentation. . To examine the fear normal in use for Christian religious institutional buildings in Lagos state. 4. To evaluate the effect of maintenance on the execution of religious institutional buildings in Lagos State. 1. 4Significance of the Study The study leave state how significant the maintenance of our religious institutional buildings is in affectionate economic development of our country at large and the research finding give contribute to solving problems regarding maintenance culture of these institutional buildings.The findings of this study w visitation contribute to the improvement of poor maintenance culture of these buildings and lukewarm attitude of maintenance managers in charge of these buildings. The firmness of purpose of the study exit determine the quantity of maintainable items supplied to this building. The study give further educate maintenance manager of the building to broaden their sensible horizon in planning twenty-four hour period to day maintenance. Furthermore, the outcome of the study will create awareness in maintenance culture in relation to the basic demands of the different subject or maintenance areas. . 5 look into pass In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the following questions have to be answered. 1. What are the maintenance problems facing these religious institutional buildings? 2. Are these religious institutional buildings in ripe(p) physi cal condition? 3. What are the maintenance dominions implore by the maintenance managers in maintaining these institutional buildings? 4. What are the effects of maintenance on the surgical operation of these religious institutional buildings? 1. 6Scope and Limitation of the StudyThere is no doubt to the full(prenominal)est degree the significance Christian institutional buildings in Lagos State as they similarly serve as complaisant and moral hereditary pattern and they moldiness be maintained correctly. Hence the scope of this study shall be confine to Cathederal Churches in Lagos Mainland of Lagos State. HAPTER TWO 2. 0REVIEW OF RELATED writings 2. 0Preamble Geva (2002) demonstrates that various building types religious, national, residential are a function of the interaction of cultural, regional climate conditions and architectural forms.Geva analyzed the degree of architectural modifications of single family houses and community churches. From research carried out by Geva (2002) that the proper deal spent more money in maintaining their in-person residential building than religious institutional buildings (church). Thus, churches as a building type are significant to the public as they serve primarily as cultural symbols (Cantacuzino, 2009 & Jaeger, 2005). 2. 1What is Maintenance? History is about(predicate) the preservation of the past, so that a good use whitethorn be pull ahead of the future.Fifty age ago, the challenge was to get plurality to identify and care about institutional religious buildings plot of ground twenty-five years ago, the challenge was to avert development. Today, the challenge is to abide the unnecessary release of historic religious institutional buildings through neglect, Onifade (2000). There are a substantial number of people who do non know the nitty-gritty of maintenance. At least the way they practice it would indicate this. In practice, prevalent interlingual rendition of maintenance is to fix it when it breaks. This is a good definition for repair, but non accepted maintenance. This style of maintenance is reactive.Maintenance, according to smith (2003) means to keep in its alert state, protect, continue in good operating condition. Maintenance is defined as work undertaken in order to keep, restore or improve every quick-wittedness, to an accep put back standard and to sustain the utility and value of the facility. This is a proactive maintenance. Historically in both the public sector and the private sector, maintenance was seen by many as an avoidable task which was perceived as adding gnomish to the timberland of the working environment, and expending unusual resources which could be soften placed, Smiths (2008).To well-nigh maintenance is war. The enemies are the triumvirate of breakdown, deterioration, and all the types of un intend events. The soldiers are the maintenance departments, in our make-up and as many civilians as we can recruit. phalanx hist orians study battles with an eye towards identifying the pattern of conditions that reign the outcome. As maintenance leaders, we have many strategies and weapons at our disposal, some new, some old, some complex and some uncomplicated, some wrong as one theater of operations and some better in another.Each scheme to consider works only with the reliever of the correct weapons and the logistics. Institutional buildings, which form an constitutional part of the environment, are severely unresolved to agencies such as moisture, intense solar radiation and prevailing winds, which directly flip their physical attributes (Ikpo, 2006). The prime effects of these environmental agencies acknowledge discoloration, abrasion, cracks, stains and fungal growth. Therefore, regular or monthly maintenance is infallible to wipe the physical form of severely unresolved religious institutional buildings, and landforms among others.Apart from ikon to weather, biochemical agencies also ac celerate decay of institutional buildings. It has become factual that these physical and loving changes have affected sites of cultural and historic importance. In the run, potential tourist sites of topical anesthetic and national interest comprising historical and queer architectural buildings, archaeological excavations, palaces, groves, monuments, bluff spaces and townspeople squares are lost while some are wasting away. The issue is not that of causation of deterioration but of poor response to maintenance demands. 2. 2Maintenance of Institutional Buildingsreligious Institutional buildings today are confronted by quaint challenges that threaten their very existence (Stolzenberg, 2004). The characteristics and the structure of these institutional buildings, by their nature lack the capacity to compete with the changing whether again. concord to Shohet (2003), the doing of religious institutional buildings and their components depends to a large degree on ceaseless and think periodical maintenance. The Built environment expresses in physical form the complex, social and economic factors, which give structure and tone to a community (Lee, 2005).According to Banful (2004) the pecuniary consequences of neglecting maintenance is ofttimes not only seen in hurt of bowdlerised asset brio and premature exchangement but also in increased operating cost and waste of related and natural and financial resources. Maintenance is related to the background of any project, unfortunately development plans and approved continual and capital estimates in religious institutional buildings in Lagos state have revealed that legal opinion have not be given to maintenance work (Onifade, 2003). 2. Maintenance Problems of Religious Institutional Buildings There are so many problems being faced by attempts to maintain institutional buildings. Aradeon (2006) listed some of these problems to include inadequate professionals and the closeness of these sites to urban ce ntres thereby do the land occupied by them to attract high value for selection investment. The major(ip) problems confronting the maintenance of institutional buildings revealed by the study are related to pay basically. Repair cost of Religious institutional buildings is usually high than a novel home.Some common maintenance needs seen in home are problems such as peeling paints and infantry cracks minor morphological problems such as crack daub to small movement in the foundation drainage and grading problems due to the facility of new roof gutter lean electrical system poorly installed plumbing older leaking roof older hotness and cooling system poor internal respiration excessive moisture from un-vented bath styles and cooking areas cause damaged plaster and deteriorated windows and excessive air leakage, Onifade (2006). 2. 3. 1Finance Maintenance is essential for the conservation of religious institutional buildings.Those who participate in the maintenance of reli gious institutional buildings like the church management committee need to know their likely financial commitment in the lead work commences. This early-stage cost advice can establish realistic budget for finis making (Smith, 2005). The cost of maintenance of a religious institutional building could be high or lower depending on the structure at the beginning and invariably, it is usually high because of the materials that were employ in the first place which whitethorn not meet current standard. It is therefore difficult for these properties to be maintaining aright (Mandal, 2004).The increasing abandonment of these properties by those who were primarily responsible for them informed the need for government, NGOs and religious bodies participation in their maintenance. Finance is the major factor that inhibits the conservation of religious institutional buildings. The maintenance of institutional buildings requires a portion out of money that cannot be provided by a single b ody. Other maintenance problems are according to Adenuga (1999), various problems of varying magnitudes and origins are encountered in the process of maintenance. Some of these would include 2. 3. Design Problems Some fundamental maintenance problems originate from the be after of the building. These types of problems are usually hard to solve as it may involve complete re turn of events of the good building or large surgical incision of it. It may be avoided or, at least, drastically reduced by involving at the design stages professional in effect(p)s, including highly competent and experient Maintenance griprs. 2. 3. 3Problem of Skill Some Maintenance Managers and their crew of craftsmen and technicians lack the desired skills (which include experience, technical know-how, etc) required on the job. . 3. 4Research and discipline Problems There is lack of adequate monetary resource and interest in this direction. In fact, research and development directed towards building mai ntenance is non-existent or at best, very minimal. 2. 3. 5Overcrowding some other characteristic common to most homes of poorer groups is crowded, cramp conditions. Many health problems affecting poorer groups are associated with overcrowding, including household accidents, acute respiratory infections (of which pneumonia is by chance the most serious), tuberculosis and other mobile infections.In the predominantly low-income residential areas in terce World cities, there is often an average of four or more persons per room and in many instances less than one square metre of floorspace per person. Diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza and meningitis are easily patrimonial from one person to another. Their spread is often aided by low justification among inhabitants due to malnutrition and by frequent come through between infected and susceptible people. knowing bacterial and viral respiratory infections and practically of others are sicknesss caused by overcrowding Horne r (2007). 2. 3. 6 indoor(prenominal) Air PollutionWhere open fires or relatively inefficient stoves are used indoors for cooking and/or rut, smoke or fumes from coal, wood or other biomass fuels can cause or contribute to serious respiratory problems. Chronic effects include fervidness of the respiratory tract which in turn reduces resistance to acute respiratory infections, while these infections in turn enhance power to the inflammatory effects of smoke and fumes. film to carcinogens in emissions from biomass fuel combustion has been substantiate in studies in which exposed subjects wore personal monitoring equipment.Women who may spend 2-4 hours a day at the stove must be at risk. Infants and children may be heavily exposed because they remain with their mothers the added exposure to pollutants have with malnutrition may retard growth, leading to smaller lungs and greater prevalence of chronic bronchitis Harvey (2009) 2. 3. 7Disease Vectors A large range of vectors live, treat or feed within or around houses and settlements. The maladys they cause or strain include some of the major causes of ill health and premature death in many cities especially malaria (anopheles mosquitoes) and diarrhea diseases (cockroaches, blowflies and houseflies).But there are also many other diseases caused or carried by insects, spiders or mites including bancroftian filariasis (culex mosquitoes), Chagas disease (triatomine bugs), dengue fever (Ardes mosquitoes), hepatitis A (houseflies, cockroaches), kala azar (sand-fly), plague (certain(p) fleas), relapsing fever (body lice and modest ticks), scabies (scabies mites), trachoma (face flies), typhus (body lice and fleas), yaws (face flies), and chickenhearted fever (Aegypti mosquitoes). Urban expansion may also change the local ecology in ship canal which favour the yield or multiplication of accompaniment disease vectors.For instance, Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector for dengue fever and yellow fever is ofte n found to stock certificate in polluted pissing sources such as soak-away pits and septic tanks. anopheline mosquitoes generally shun polluted water but certain species have fit to the urban environment and now breed in swamps and ditches in or close to urban areas Horner (2007). 2. 4Maintenance System The selection of maintenance system to be operated in the building should take into consideration in terms of the feeling cycle of the building materials, go installation provided space function or activities to be carried out in that particular building.In some cases, when the material has reached the wear and bout condition, the maintenance work is then required to recreate those defects. Therefore, it is very important to ensure that the design team understands materials performance in order to reduce the running cost during building operation. Using so called sound duty materials and yet producing high quality building fabric, Aradeon (2006). By knowing the physical and detail behavior span of the materials will allow the maintenance team to figure the budget allocated for replacement work and plan the maintenance work as per schedule.With a detail record of the previous maintenance work, it will act as a benchmark to the future maintenance activities where decision be do through this. It shows that, the maintenance work should not only rectify and making good all defects at the affected area but also at the same time should be properly recorded. It is a way to well-nigh monitor the severity of the defects occurring in the building Arazi (2009). Referring to the previous record will assist the maintenance team to overcome and provide an effective remedial works.In spite of planned maintenance, emergency maintenance will involve urgent and immediate work prior to the problem. It is to avoid the resultant consequences to other activities which may cause severe failures Oloyede (1991). By considering those planned and unplanned maintenance, the management should provide a realistic budget and come out with some emergency plans in dealings with uncertainties cases. Therefore, the implementation of an effective maintenance practice must inculcate some indicators to improvize the traditional maintenance management system to reach the needs and nature of the work. . 5Maintenance necessitate and Nature It is highly desirable but hardly feasible to produce buildings that are maintenance-free, although much can be do at the design stage to reduce the amount of subsequent maintenance work. All elements of buildings deteriorate at a greater or lesser rate depending on material and orders of construction, environmental conditions and the use of the building. A prime aim of maintenance is to preserve a building in its sign stage, as far as practicable, so that it effectively serves its purpose. The main purposes of maintaining buildings are Apwa (2001) i.Retaining value of investment. ii. Maintaining the building in a condition in which it continues to fulfill its function. iii. Presenting a good appearance. Maintenance work has also been categorised as predictable and avoidable. Predictable maintenance is regularly periodic work that may be necessary to retain the performance characteristic of a product, as well as that required to replace or repair the product after it has achieved a useful life span. Avoidable maintenance is the work required to rectify failures caused by poor design, incorrect installation or the use of faulty materials.The function of maintenance can be change fairness into three (3) groups * Cleaning and servicing, * Rectification and repair and * Replacement. by the bye expenditure on the first ii can postpone the need to replace materials or components, a very dearly-won business. Cleaning and servicing should be carried out regularly and may be combined with a system of reporting faults when become apparent, thereby avoiding the need for more expensive repairs or even repla cement at a later stage. Apwa (2001) 2. 6Type of MaintenanceAccording to Avedesian (2006) maintenance can be divided into the following categories- equipment failure maintenance It means that people waits until equipment fails and repairs it. such a thing could be used when the equipment failure does not significantly affect the operation or production or generate any significant loss other than repair cost. Planned maintenance This is maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, nurse and the use of records to a predetermined plan, chance(prenominal) maintenance Ad hoc maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan. Preventive maintenanceMaintenance carried out at predetermined intervals, or corresponding to prescribed criteria, and intend to reduce the opportunity of failure, or the performance degradation of an item. Preventive maintenance initiated as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item from tour or continuous monitoring. It is a effortless main tenance (cleaning, inspection, oiling and re-tightening), design to retain the healthy condition of equipment and prevent failure through the prevention of deterioration, periodic inspection or equipment condition diagnosis, to measure deterioration.It is further divided into periodic maintenance and predictive maintenance. clean like human life is all-encompassing by deterrent medicine, the equipment service life can be prolonged by doing prophylactic maintenance. Preventive maintenance as scheduled overhaul or scheduled replacement provides 2 of the three proactive failure management policies available to the maintenance manager. Common methods of determining what Preventive (or other) failure management policies should be applied are OEM ecommendations, requirements of codes and legislation within a jurisdiction, what an expert thinks ought to be through with(p), or the maintenance thats already through to similar equipment, and most important measured values and performan ce interpretations. To make it simple * Preventive maintenance is conducted to keep equipment working and/or extend the life of the equipment. * Corrective maintenance, sometimes called repair, is conducted to get equipment working again. 2. 7Goals of a Successful Maintenance design According to Iyagba R.O (2004) Successful maintenance programs should achieve these goals 1. Help buildings function as they were intend and operate at peak efficiency, including minimizing nil consumption. Because maintenance keeps equipment functioning as designed, it reduces inefficiencies in operations and heftiness usage. 2. Failures of building systems that would wear occupants activities and the delivery of public services. Buildings that operate untroubled allow public employees to do their jobs and serve the public.Because maintenance includes regular inspections and replacement of equipment significant to operating a building, maintenance provide reduces the problems that might otherwis e lead to a breakdown in operations. 3. Sustain a safe and healthful environment by keeping buildings and their components in good repair and structurally sound. Protecting the physical integrity of building components through tour of duty maintenance preserves a safe environment for employees and the public. 4. Provide maintenance in ways that are cost-effective.Preventive maintenance can prevent minor problems from escalating into major system and equipment failures that result in costly repairs. In avoiding cost of major repairs, preventive maintenance creates efficiencies. change magnitude preventive maintenance can reduce time spent reacting to crises, which is a more cost-effective way to operate buildings. Deferring preventive maintenance can generate higher costs over the long term. 2. 8Building carrying out This is a comprehensive whole house hail to identifying and jam pacifier and postcode efficiently.Building performance or home performance is a comprehensive whol e-house approach to identifying and fixing comfort and elan vital efficiency problems in a home. Energy audits are performed by energy auditors, also known as building analysts or consultants, which, in the unite States, are usually certified by the Building Performance Institute (BPI). The join States Environmental Protection Agency and plane section of Energy started a national program headquarters Performance with ENERGY single to offer a comprehensive, whole-house approach to improving energy efficiency and comfort at home, while helping to protect the environment.The Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program has 40 programs, to date, across the country which are administered by various utilities and state energy offices. Home performance applies building scholarship to address the following issues Efficient energy use, Durability, Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Comfort, Indoor Moisture sources and solutions Diagnostic equipment includes Blower door, communication channel blaster, Thermographic camera Combustion analyzer.A home performance energy audit results in home energy retrofit recommendations to improve the comfort and efficiency of the home, the most common of which include Sealing air holes and gaps in the building envelope and subsequently adding insulation. Sealing ducts. Upgrading heating and cooling systems, appliances and lighting by renewal them with energy efficient equipment such as ENERGY STAR appliances or devices, chock up fluorescent lamps, or LED lamps. Adding heat recovery ventilation or other means to control and upgrade zippy air ventilation, Retrieved from Google (2012). CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH methodological analysis PreambleThis chapter housed the method used in forum the necessary information and source of data used on the research project. The study examines the proficiencys used in analyzing the data. This research is base on the evaluation of maintenance culture of Christian religious institutional buildings in Lag os State, Nigeria, and the following were looked into, research design, population, sampling technique, instrument for data collection, administration of instrument and technique of data analysis. Technique of Data analytic thinking The data collected was analyzed with simple percentage for respondents bio-data, Arithmetic mean for research.This was done in respects to the four points Likert scale, digest of Research Questions Research Question 1what are the maintenance problems facing Christian institutional buildings? S/N command SA A D SD X Remarks 1 The church building is in a detoration state - 339 265130 13232 1. 71 take issue 2 The church building needs certain level of repair generally - 335105 24590 12020 2. 15 Dis take hold 3 Most of the roofing, paints and some parts of the church needs repair 437148 33399 21530 11515 2. 5 Agree acknowledgment Field Survey, 2O12 From the table above, the respondents disagree with statement one and statement two respectively with the mean worst level of 1. 71 and 2. 15 respectively. But agree with the last statement to show the level of maintenance infallible by these church buildings. From the analysis above we discovered that these church buildings are maintained but there are still levels of maintenance needed in the area of roofing due to wear and tear and moisture, which also is relevant to the church painting.Research Question 2 are these Christian institutional buildings in good physical conditions? S/N parameter SA A D SD X Remarks 4 The building equipments has been audited several time to chequer level of maintenance needs 467268 32369 236 177 3. 50 Agree 5 There are certain amounts allocated for the maintenance of this building by the authority. 478312 32266 - - 3. 78 Agree 6 bimonthly preventive maintenance is carried out on this church building 485340 31854 2510 - 4. 4 Agree root system Field Survey, 2O12 The table above shows that the respondents hold with all of the statements made. The mean scores are 3. 50, 3. 78 and 4. 04 respectively which mean that the volume of the churches surveyed are kept under good conditions with amount allocated for maintenance and periodic preventive maintenance carried out. Research Question 3 what are the maintenance principles implore by the maintenance managers in maintaining these buildings? S/N STATEMENT SA A D SD X Remarks There is a facility maintenance plan for this building 455220 345135 - - 3. 55 Agree 8 The facility maintenance plan includes long and goldbrick term objectives and budgets? 427108 31545 22448 13434 2. 35 Disagree 9 The facility manager carry out preventive maintenance regularly 485340 31854 2510 - 4. 04 Agree Source Field Survey, 2012 The table above shows that the respondents agreed with statements 7 and 9 with mean score of 3. 55 and 4. 04 respectively, thereby disagreeing with statement 8 made with mean score of 2. 5, which shows an indication that there is facility maintenance plans for all the church building and that there is preventive maintenance carried out by the manager, but there are no adequate budget to execute this maintenance plan. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS abstract Maintenance is regarded to be the most pragmatic sanction and philosophically appropriate conservation method (Forsyth, 2007). Regular maintenance is critical to the selection of any building, be it cultural, hereditary pattern or non-heritage and church buildings.This recognition was made as early as 1877 by William Morris the dedicate of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), an organization entrusted with caring and preserving United Kingdoms heritage buildings. He considered regular maintenance as the most practical and economic form of conserving heritage buildings. Kerr (2000) also accentuate that of all the processes of conserving ancient church buildings, maintenance is the single most important process. To date, regular maintenance is still consider ed as the most sustainable way of preserving church buildings (Dan and Cantell, 2007).However, a large number of heritage buildings are decaying due to age, neglect, high maintenance cost and lack of comprehensive guidelines and fellow feeling of heritage buildings maintenance management practices 5. 2Conclusion The study has revealed that the operational state (physical-functional condition) of church buildings in Lagos State as carried out by the maintenance department was found to be good, The analysis discloses that the duomo church buildings in Lagos State are in a good state of existence in terms of the physical and functional conditions of the building elements and services that constitute these buildings.But for better performance, a proactive rather than reactive approach should be adopted for effective maintenance practices as some duomo church buildings out of the surveyed ones are not properly maintained. This study has raised awareness on the practice and cost of negle ct of maintenance of our Cathedral Church buildings. It is not intended to frighten the church owner or user, it is to sound the alarm for the need of crapulence the culture of maintenance of our church buildings as opposed to the culture of lawlessness and unpredictability that have characterized past management of our building stock.The research work is wake-up to arresting the threat and embarrassment of the Sick Building Syndrome. 5. 3Recommendations Cathedral church buildings are places of worship as such more has to be done by both the maintenance management staff and the users to improve the operational state (physical-functional condition) more in maintaining those which are not properly maintained as they are place which give moral lessons to the people. Recommendations for these churches cannot be over emphasized.Hence upon this the following recommendations are made to preserve these church buildings under survey. Maintenance managers and their team should adopt more pr oactive approach to reduce the occurrence of defects, which will consequently bring about better physical and functional Cathedral church buildings elements and services. The governing councils of these churches should always set aside adequate fund for the running of these Cathedral church buildings as the study shows that there are no long time budgets for these buildings.Maintenance managers should equally give the narrow managerial span of control a streamlet in use as this may likely bring about a more effective organizational structure leading to better maintenance management of public hospital buildings. It is also important that maintenance management work together with top administration management so as to secure sufficient coin for maintenance works as well as ensure that such monetary resource is judiciously utilized. Maintenance manager should use authentic materials and skills in repairing and retrofitting these church buildings.Older buildings require constant mai ntenance. Current funding programs cover the initial conversion costs, but not longer-term maintenance. Perhaps additional funds for maintenance could be made available when conserving construct heritage is part of a house projects objectives. Building managers should also * coordinate preventive maintenance with other maintenance projects, * coiffe a checklist of preventive maintenance tasks, * schedule a timeline for the tasks, * prepare procedures for managing the program, and include preventive maintenance among activities for tyrannical the quality of air inside buildings As building managers determine what maintenance projects are needed, they should use an objective process for screen background priorities among them. For cost effectiveness, building managers should calculate total costs over the expected life of building and facilities. As a overture to preventive maintenance, building managers should oversee periodic inspections of buildings conditions and create an inventory of buildings components and equipment.References Adenuga, O. A. (1999) Building maintenance in Nigeria geomorphologic Deterioration, Recognition diagnosis of Causes and Remedies. (01), 5-25). Ajayi, L. A. (1987) Concern for collapse of building in Nigeria. Journal of the Nigerian Institute of Structural Engineers, 1(2). Akinsola, O. E. , Adenuga O. A. , and Iyagba R. O. (2004) Strategic maintenance practices Effective loots for change productivity and efficiency of plants and equipments in construction industry. Journal of Building Quarterly, 3(1), 10-15. Allen, D (2003), Facilities management, Bradford, Vol. 11, Iss 3, pg. 7. connection of School Business Officials (ASBO) International, School Facilities Maintenance and Operations Manual (Reston, VA ASBO International, 2008). Avedesian, (2006) How to Design and Manage Your Preventive Maintenance Program. APWA and Building Research Board of the National Research Council, Committing to the approach of Ownership Maintena nce and Repair of normal Buildings (Chicago APWA, 2001). Alexander, B. Atkin, J. Brochner, T. Haugen (2004), Facilities Management, Innovation and Performance. Barret, P. (2005), Facilities Management Towards Best Practice, OxfordBlackwell Science. British Standard Institution (1998) BS 79813 The principle of the Construction of Historic Buildings. BSI, London. Chanter, P. , Swallow B, (2000), Building Maintenance Management, Blackwell Science, Ltd. David G. Cotts, (2009). The Facility Management Handbook, 2d ed. (New York American Management Association.